Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

A regulation for minimum mandatory dimensions of balconies in residential apartments in the city of Rasht from the perspective of spatial usability

Mojtaba Pour Ahmadi; Reza Sedighi

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 23-38

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.337572.1906

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Today, for various reasons, a small and inadequate floor area is often allocated to private semi-open spaces in apartment housing in Iran. ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Today, for various reasons, a small and inadequate floor area is often allocated to private semi-open spaces in apartment housing in Iran. This allocation results in a significant reduction in the efficiency of these spaces. Consequently, the potential of the space to accommodate the daily presence and use by the residents is almost lost. The present study aims to specifically address this issue from the perspective of the development control system and to consider the role of building regulations in ensuring the minimum acceptable usability of these spaces.Methods: In this research, in the first step, 10 international examples of building codes related to the minimum allowable dimensions of residential balconies in some developed countries of the world including England, Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Japan, Dubai, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands are studied and an attempt is made to identify the logic of calculating these values. In the second step, a review of building codes related to the minimum dimensions and floor area of semi-open private spaces in the current development control system of Iran and specifically the city of Rasht is performed. In the following, an attempt is made to provide a definition of the “usable minimal balcony” for the city of Rasht and to calculate its required area and dimensions. In the next step, the current status of balconies design in the apartment housing in Rasht is examined. To do this, the apartment plans approved by the plans control department of the Iran Construction Engineering Organization (IRCEO) of Rasht City were used and we examined all the apartment housing plans of three floors and above, which were approved in this organization in the period of three months from January to March 2021. During this period, 340 apartment units with a total of 401 balconies were approved by the organization. In the final step, an attempt was made to make a comparison between the minimal balcony dimensions defined in the present study and the existing balconies in the statistical community.Findings: Based To define the minimal usable balcony dimensions, the specific conditions of the target community must be considered. Otherwise, the possibility of enforcing this rule will be reduced. It should be noted that currently in the city of Rasht, there are no regulations regarding the minimum dimensions of these spaces. On the other hand, the current common dimensions of balconies in the housing market of Rasht City are significantly smaller than the standards of the studied countries. This has its own economic, social, and cultural reasons and the study of these issues is outside the scope of the present study. However, it can be concluded that the required dimensions and floor area of the balcony in Rasht apartment housing should be defined as smaller than the countries studied. Based on these considerations, the required dimensions of balconies depend on the number of bedrooms, the number of people living in the residential unit, and, in some cases, the geographical orientation of the balcony in the studied countries. However, in the present study, the minimum dimensions of the balcony in all apartment units are considered a fixed value. Thus, an efficient minimal balcony is considered one that has the necessary area for the installation and proper operation of a small set of a table and chairs for two people, a barbecue, and a gas boiler. Accordingly, the standard is formulated as follows: “In every residential apartment unit, it is necessary to provide a balcony with a minimum clear width of 1.25 meters and a minimum useful floor area of 3.75 square meters.”Conclusion: Based on the findings of the survey, it can be concluded that, firstly, a small percentage of the current balconies have the required area for proper use by residents. This is due to the small and unsuitable dimensions of these balconies. To be more precise, in one-bedroom residential units, only 16%, in two-bedroom units, 11%, and in three-bedroom units and more, 25% of the balconies can accommodate a table and chairs for two people, a gas boiler, and a barbecue. This finding is in line with the findings of researchers who, based on their qualitative research, have introduced inadequate dimensions of balconies as one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of balconies in apartment housing in Iran today. Secondly, it will have a relatively better perspective for application in the Rasht development control system, if regardless of the number of bedrooms in a residential unit, the minimum standard dimensions and area for balconies is formulated as a minimal two-person balcony. Currently, the proportion of two-bedroom units with a minimal four-person balcony is only 7% of the total (compared to 11% for two-person balconies) and the proportion of three-bedroom units with a minimal six-person balcony is only 11% (compared to 25% for two-person balconies).

Role of multisensory experience in the presence of spaces using Neuroscience methods

Bahar Majlece; Mojgan Khakpour; Abbas Tarkashvand

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 59-79

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.321713.1838

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Merleau-Ponty’s theory, rooted in the embodied nature of human experience, suggests that when humans interact with others or their ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Merleau-Ponty’s theory, rooted in the embodied nature of human experience, suggests that when humans interact with others or their surroundings, they utilize their senses to form a coherent whole. This idea extends to the theory of multi-sensory perception of the environment by Pallasmaa. Therefore, the quality of the environment and the desire of people to be present in it, along with a set of other factors, is highly dependent on how it is perceived by humans. The success of spaces depends on the frequency of use and the sustained presence of people in that place. In the contemporary era, there is a noticeable decline in the presence of spaces, as indicated by various factors listed in recent research. It is necessary to know the criteria that create and promote presence in spaces, a presence that evokes the meaning and sense of place, in order to enrich the environment and the continuity of the event on an individual and collective scale. In this regard, the current research, relying on the theory of multisensory perception in architecture, tried to show that there is a positive relationship between the multisensory perception of spaces and their presence. At the same time, there is no doubt about the multi-sensory nature of the human perceptual mechanism in the process of interaction with the environment. However, there is not much information about the effect of these sensory perceptions, independently or in combination, on the user’s experience of the environment. The few research conducted in this framework indicate that the emphasis on the centrality of the sense of sight in the creation of spaces, mainly leads to the abandonment of other senses and a deficiency in the coherent sensory perception of the space, which itself, potentially, shows the possibility of reducing the presence of the space for the user.Methods: In this framework, the current research attempts to answer the question of which sensory stimuli in the environment, whether alone or in combination with each other, contribute to making the environment more present for those who experience it. A test was conducted to quantify the impact of stimulating the senses separately and in combination with the pleasantness of the space as an index of its presence. The subject group comprised 20 volunteers aged between 20 and 35, exhibiting a symmetrical gender distribution, and possessing bachelor’s and higher education levels. Volunteers were placed in a singular architectural space, simulated for them through virtual reality arrangements. They experienced four sensory stimuli (sight, hearing, smell, touch) both separately and in combination. At the same time, the emotional reactions of their brains to these stimuli were extracted and recorded in the form of 6 quantitative indicators, which include engagement, excitement, focus, interest, relaxation and stress, using the Emotiv EPOC+ device and in the Emotiv BCI software environment. Also, the level of pleasantness of the space for them was also recorded, based on their self-report, in a 5-point Likert scale. The resulting data were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyzes and tests in terms of the possible correlation between sensory stimuli and the pleasantness of the space.Findings: The findings of the research indicate that in indoor spaces, the presence of visual stimuli such as light, olfactory stimuli such as the smell of plants, and environmental tactile stimuli such as a gentle breeze have an observable effect on the pleasantness of the space and will make people more willing to stay in it. On the other hand, the research results have confidently demonstrated that auditory stimuli in the interior, particularly those with an unknown source and non-aesthetic sounds, are undesirable. However, non-passive vocal stimulation (with sounds of aesthetic quality) may have other results. Summarizing the findings makes it clear that in indoor spaces, the combination of visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli will increase the pleasantness of the space with a high degree of certainty. Also, with the aim of increasing the pleasantness of the space for the user, it is better to control tactile stimulation and minimize auditory stimulation - with an unknown source. Conclusion: It is necessary to know the factors that create and increase presence in spaces, a presence that evokes the meaning and sense of place, the degree of prosperity to the environment and continuity in individual and collective characteristics. In this regard, the current research, relying on the multi-sensory theory in architecture, tries to take a positive ratio of spaces and their presence. In general, the research findings suggest that enhancing assimilation in bodily perception and experience of space, such that spatial perceptions are not monosensory, visibly increases the pleasantness of the space. This is likely to contribute to the improvement of presence in the spaces.

Sensory perception patterns affecting the sense of place attachment in the design of special needs schools

Zahra Ajali; Zohreh Torabi; Hooman Sobouti

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 81-93

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.334001.1897

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: This research is based on an applied objective. Applied research uses theories presented in fundamental research to solve real-world problems. ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: This research is based on an applied objective. Applied research uses theories presented in fundamental research to solve real-world problems. The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying the indicators of sensory perception on the sense of place attachment and also the effect of each of the indicators, prioritizing the indicators affecting the sense of belonging of the students and compared to the set goal. One of the most important questions that the current research seeks to answer can be stated as: How can formative elements affected by sensory perception patterns in the special needs schools be formulated as design standards as a comprehensive model? In response to the research question and considering the practical objectives, the study proposes models based on the necessary guidelines and standards for the construction and design of special needs schools intended for the construction and reconstruction of future schools that have undergone changes for this purpose.Methods: This research utilizes a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for theoretical studies, presenting qualitative criteria and indicators. The methodology involves gathering using a bibliographic research method and reviewing existing documents through direct observations, document analysis, and interviews with experts. The quantitative data was collected in a survey platform, which was used to answer the research question with the approach of preparing a questionnaire. The collected data was adjusted according to the Likert scale, and KMO and Bartlett statistics were used to check the validity of the questionnaire. The findings were analyzed by the structural equation modeling (SEM) method identifying the relationships between the variables and their impact in the studied schools by SPSS and Amos software. The sampling method in this research is a two-stage cluster type, and then a random sample is used to select schools.Findings: The research findings indicate that when scrutinizing factors associated with sensory perception components, it becomes apparent that visual senses, with a factor load of 0.943, are of greater significance for students compared to other sensory components. Also, within the factors contributing to place attachment, the social interaction component, with a factor load of 0.994, plays a significant role in fostering a sense of place attachment and overall satisfaction. Regarding the reliability of the research questionnaire, a pre-test was conducted by distributing 50 questionnaires among the statistical population. The obtained Cronbach’s alpha index for the variables and their dimensions is reported. Data was analyzed by SPSS Ver.16 software and Cronbach’s alpha index for the whole is equal to 0.913, which shows an appropriate reliability of the research questionnaire. In examining the relationships between the variables, the results of the hypotheses showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the research variables. Based on the results and information obtained from the findings and the environmental impression of the studied schools, the qualitative results of the most important things that can be emphasized as components of sensory perception and place attachment for the design of these schools have been stated. Conclusion: Most learning takes place through formal education in schools. To facilitate this process, students require a foundation of rich emotional experiences and a sense of connection with both their physical and social environments. Neglecting to involve all sensory aspects within a space can diminish the concentration of these students in establishing effective environmental communication. So, it is necessary to design the appropriate environment by considering the effective factors, such as the existence of the necessary stimuli and motivations, and adapting to the students’ cognitive and perceptive abilities. In the current research, the influence of sensory perception indicators on the sense of place attachment in schools that have been changed into special needs schools and used by special needs students with special conditions has been investigated. Based on the results acquired and the identification of essential sensory perception factors crucial for these students in understanding and connecting with the environment, as well as fostering a sense of place attachment, which plays a significant role in their attendance and desire to return to school; principles and suitable patterns for designing a special needs school have been outlined. As a result, design standards were presented in order to recreate the indicators of sensory perception and to strengthen the relationships and social interactions of students, which is considered as an important factor for their sense of belonging to the school, to guide the designers.

Solutions to reduce cognitive dissonance in contemporary apartment units through adaptation of place-emotions and place-behaviors

Mina Dashti; Minoo Shafaei; Mohsen Afshari

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 129-141

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.333480.1892

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The residence, being a modest space, significantly influences the emotions of those who dwell in it. However, apartment units, in their ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The residence, being a modest space, significantly influences the emotions of those who dwell in it. However, apartment units, in their mere emphasis on functions, ignore the emotions of the occupants and cause cognitive dissonance and anxiety by creating conflicting emotions, thoughts, and desires. The primary research inquiry revolves around finding methods to minimize cognitive dissonance in modern apartment units. The purpose of this research is to identify common cognitive dissonances in contemporary apartments through identifying the emotional and behavioral affordances of residential spaces and the adaptation of place-emotions and place-behaviors, and secondly, to provide solutions to create cognitive compatibility in these houses. So far, the emotional affordances of the environment have been implicitly expressed in the definitions of the indirect affordances of the environment, but no consistent research has been done in this regard. Indeed, studies on environmental affordances typically focus on behavioral and functional aspects. This research aims to examine how the qualities and spatial features of a residence impact residents’ emotions. It delves into the concept of emotional affordances of the environment, providing clarifications through examples.Methods: In this study, a qualitative method and grounded theory were employed. Following a literature review on cognitive dissonance and environmental affordance, a field study was conducted involving thirty-four residents from twenty apartment units. At this stage, information is collected through interviews and photographs and sketches. Then place-behaviors and place-emotions maps were also drawn. Finally, conclusions have been made by adapting these maps. Apartment units are considered as the current model of contemporary housing in the current research. The samples were first selected from the city of Zanjan and after the pilot study, in order to verify the findings and continue the field research, samples from the cities of Karaj, Tehran, Shiraz and Tabriz were added to the research. The samples were selected from middle-class housing and mass complexes were not considered in this research. Also, the purpose of the current research was to study the middle-class housing, which has an acceptable expansion and the most frequency in the country. The research exploratory nature led to the researcher not pre determinedly defining the space characteristics in the study design. Instead, characteristics considered more crucial from the audience’s perspective in eliciting place-emotions, and those to which residents are more sensitive, were identified through interviews, extracted, and coded. Interview tools were used to collect information, and two-person interviews were chosen as the main tool for data collection in this research. In order to understand the emotional and behavioral affordances of the units, the interview questions were designed in a semi-structured way. In addition to interviews, photos and sketches have been used to draw and finally analyze place-emotions and place-behaviors.Findings: In the theoretical part of the research findings based on the grounded research method and selective coding, three characteristics of behavioral patterns were identified, which include “types of activity (responsible, vital and optional activities)”, “scale of activity” and “time period of activity”. It was also found that the emotions related to the space can be divided into three categories of “spaciousness”, “coziness” and “memorability” under the title of the types of emotional affordances of the space. This research underscores the significance of residences having an additional dimension that encompasses place-emotions. Identifying examples of emotional affordances within residences can play a crucial role in analyzing place-emotions and mitigating cognitive dissonance. Therefore, the innovation in this research lies in expanding the theory of behavioral settings and exploring the impact of the relationship between place-emotion and place-behavior on cognitive dissonance. In the applied section of the study, the maps were analyzed utilizing the categories derived from behavioral and emotional patterns in apartment spaces. The aim was to illustrate that the repercussions of exclusively prioritizing functions and neglecting place-emotions in modern apartments can be elucidated by identifying cognitive dissonance. In the following, at three levels of “space details”, “space essence” and “connection between spaces”, design solutions were presented in order to strengthen emotional and functional affordances and resolve cognitive dissonance in contemporary residential spaces.Conclusion: Findings show that in contemporary apartment units, place-emotions and place-behaviors do not match, and this causes cognitive dissonance and stress. To reduce these tensions and cognitive dissonance, solutions have been proposed at three levels. At the level of communication between spaces, the use of linear structure, rooms with two doors and separation of spaces are suggested. At the level of dimensions and nature of the space, solutions such as coordination of activity scale and space scale, rooms with very small dimensions, transparent walls, spaces to support optional activities and a width of at least two meters for the terrace are mentioned. In the level of details and components of the space, solutions such as natural light, emotional atmosphere around the heating sources, transparent wall on the terrace and fireplace are presented.

A comparative study of the kinetic movement pattern of a triangular geometric facade regarding natural lighting in an office building in Tehran

Fataneh Sangtarash; Niloufar Nikghadam; Rima Fayaz; Mohammad Reza Matini

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 159-175

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.360937.1976

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Since the reception of natural lighting in different places is different regarding the sun path and the different sky conditions during ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Since the reception of natural lighting in different places is different regarding the sun path and the different sky conditions during the day, season, and year, employing a kinetic facade allows for the adjustment and enhancement of interior natural lighting levels. The geometric pattern and the movement pattern are critical issues in the design of kinetic facades. One of the strategies use in this facade is the control of light entering the space. Another advantage of their efficacy in enhancing the quality of daylight is the improvement in visual quality, particularly in office and public areas. Hence, this present study explores natural lighting by employing two kinetic facades. These facades feature a comparable triangular geometric model but differ in their non-symmetrical folding and rotating kinetic design on the south wall of an office building in Tehran. Consequently, the dissimilarities in kinetic models are compared based on the utilization of natural lighting, and their similarities are identified and analyzed to determine the most suitable option.Methods: To assess natural lighting, the quantitative method and simulation tools utilized were Grasshopper and Honeybee Plus plugin version 06, along with Ladybug lbt version 1.5.0. Subsequently, the simulation results were scrutinized employing the comparative study method. Initially, the simulation involves defining the geometry of a room with specific dimensions: a width of 4 meters, a length of 6 meters, and a height of 3 meters, resulting in a total area of 24 square meters, intended for four employees. The simulated model is located in Tehran, with no shading obstacles. The facades will open and close with the position of the sun and the perpendicular vector on the triangular geometric model. The simulation is run for three days of the year: the 21st of March (spring equinox), the 21st of June (summer solstice), and the 21st of December (winter solstice) (due to the similarity of the autumn equinox with the spring equinox, the latter is not considered) and working hour is from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.Findings: When comparing the facades, it is observed that the folding kinetic model presents a potential issue of glare and visual discomfort in the space during the months of June, March, and April. This concern is particularly notable at 12 noon in both June and March, coinciding with low light conditions in the space. However, the facade with a rotating kinetic model is only faced with the issue of insufficient light in the space. In order to address these issues, various parameters have been modified. To enhance UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminance) indices with a rotational kinetic model, adjustments were made to ASE (Annual Sunlight Exposure), sDA (Spatial Daylight Autonomy), and UDI indicators with a folding motion model. Variable parameters included alterations in facade size, modifications to the visual transmission coefficient of glass, adjustments to the reflection coefficient of interior walls (ceiling and wall), and changes in the angle or degree of openness for these indicators.Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that a kinetic facade with a triangular geometric pattern and asynchronous motion patterns exhibit different performances in response to natural lighting, considering daylight performance indicators. The facade with a rotating pattern demonstrates a notable impact on the UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminance) daylight indicator, and this effect can be mitigated by adjusting the angle. However, in the kinetic facade, the fluctuation of ASE (Annual Sunlight Exposure) and UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminance) indicators is less influenced. This is attributed not only to the shifting position of the sun in relation to the facade but also to the simultaneous necessity of altering both the extent of the facade opening and the reflection coefficient of the window and glass. The response of both facades, influenced by the variable parameters, places greater emphasis on the degree of facade opening and its correlation with the sun’s position, rather than on the reflection coefficient of the surfaces and the visual transmission coefficient of the glass. Finally, the rotational motion pattern performs better in response to natural lighting.

Educational indicators in Bauhaus school for enhancing the quality of architectural education

Fatemeh Almasi; Elham Pourmahabadian

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 177-197

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.331671.1883

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The architectural education methods should encompass theoretical knowledge, as well as professional and social concepts, by evaluating ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The architectural education methods should encompass theoretical knowledge, as well as professional and social concepts, by evaluating the indicators of the world’s leading schools of architecture. Architectural schools use appropriate educational techniques and cover various activities involving knowledge, skills, and creativity. Considering the global developments, it seems that acquiring skills to address future challenges necessitates the enhancement of educational approaches and the recognition of influential learning factors. Due to the lack of authors contributing to the formation of architectural theory during the contemporary Iranian architecture era, it is imperative to examine the current state of Iranian architectural schools. This is crucial as they lack a suitable and systematic structure. Bauhaus school is an example of bringing about a revolution in architecture, which has had lasting effects day. Considering that much research has been done in the field of architectural education, but few sources have directly addressed this subject, this research aims to examine the educational process in Bauhaus school and provide solutions to improve the quality of architectural education. The question posed for this research is as follows: What is the process of education in Bauhaus school? And how can it be used to improve the quality of contemporary architectural education? To answer this question, the premise is that it seems that the teaching methods of the Bauhaus school can be fruitful for teaching contemporary architecture.Methods: In terms of purpose, this research is in the field of applied research and adopts an analytical descriptive methodology. To enhance the quality of architectural education in Iran by applying the educational indicators of Bauhaus school, a systematic approach was employed. Initially, these indicators were derived from theoretical foundations. Subsequently, two questionnaires were developed and distributed among university professors (experts) and master students. The statistical population for architectural experts (professors) and students consisted of 50 and 150 individuals, respectively, chosen through random classification sampling. The overlapping indicators were consolidated based on the corrective opinions of 20 experts. Fifteen educational indicators were formulated as questionnaire questions, utilizing a five-point Likert scale, and descriptive statistics were employed for the analysis of the findings. In conclusion, suggestions were generated for the implementation of Bauhaus educational indicators to enhance the quality of architectural education in Iran, drawing upon the conducted studies and questionnaire results.Findings: The principles raised in this research indicate that architectural education in Bauhaus school is of good quality. In line with the research objective of utilizing Bauhaus educational indicators to enhance the quality of architecture education in Iran, three components—upbringing, social, and environment—were taken into consideration. The overlapping indicators were then consolidated into 15 categories. Through assessments conducted by both students and experts, aspects such as meditation, preparation for the architecture profession, real-world work experience, practical product production, the interplay between art and industry, the connection between individuals and the university, the integration of art, technology, and life, accessibility, interdisciplinary collaboration, experimental and exploratory learning, and the potential for hands-on experience and construction were closely evaluated. These aspects require special attention in Iranian architecture education. However, other elements did not receive favorable scores, indicating a lack of alignment between the country’s architectural education and the educational indicators of the Bauhaus.Conclusion: Teaching architecture becomes possible when there exists a complete and acceptable definition of architecture that can be taught. Bauhaus school has provided a comprehensive definition of architectural education that led to the education of an architect. Thus, in addition to being the school of architecture, it has nurtured ideas and art of students and even professors to connect with the professional market and industry. According to the studies conducted, and the indicators extracted along with the results of the questionnaires, it is confirmed that the state of architectural education in Iran has a significant difference from the educational indicators of Bauhaus school. Addressing challenges in contemporary education requires implementing solutions, such as a comprehensive review of architectural educational programs. This can involve evaluating students’ work through peer and professor assessments, integrating technical and design courses similar to Bauhaus school, fostering interactions between students and professors across different academic levels, incorporating opportunities for meditation and breathing exercises, facilitating one-on-one learning experiences with professors, and establishing connections with domestic and international scientific institutions. Additionally, providing real teamwork experiences through participation in both domestic and foreign competitions, transferring professors’ professional experiences by simulating professional environments, assigning projects that result in tangible and practical products aligned with societal needs, embedding suitable workshops, and fostering collaboration with related fields can collectively contribute to overcoming issues in the contemporary education system and advancing the quality of architecture education.

Re-Interpreting the levels of enclosure in the labyrinth of historical houses in Kashan (Ameri house) based on the rhizomatic epistemology of Gilles Deleuze

Hosna Varmaghani

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 199-213

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.337858.1907

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Enclosure serves as a fundamental principle in shaping spatial identities, defining the unique character of a place. In Iranian architecture, ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Enclosure serves as a fundamental principle in shaping spatial identities, defining the unique character of a place. In Iranian architecture, mass is not just a physical element but also a concept that molds and encapsulates space, embodying the notion of enclosure. The term “rhizome” is a biological term, as a metaphor, contains concepts such as labyrinth, multiplicity, connection, difference and intermediate position. In this way, the elements that create confinement, as well as the elements of multiple space and rhizomic labyrinth, are identified in the literature review, and then, in order to obtain the different qualities of the classification of the enclosed space in a quasi-rhizomatic structure, the aspects of the relationship between these two categories have been deduced. The purpose of this article is to investigate the methods of achieving a variety of enclosed areas in the spatial organization of Kashan historical houses and to reinterpret the degrees of their enclosure. Key questions include how elements of rhizomatic epistemology can inform the reinterpretation of enclosure levels within Kashan’s historical houses and which physical and spatial approaches have contributed to classifying their enclosure structures.”?Methods: “The research employed a descriptive, analytical, and logical reasoning approach. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, with Depthmap and Agraph software utilized for data analysis. First, the definitions of spatial enclosure in the field of architecture and rhizome theory in the field of philosophy were studied. In this way, the factors of creating enclosure and characteristics of thinking and rhizomic space were extracted. Then, multiple rhizomic spatial indices were categorized in four sections and similar and overlapping indices were placed in one category. These four categories were analyzed through space analysis software (Depthmap-Agraph) in architectural configuration. As the largest historical house of Kashan with many introverted areas, Ameriha House was chosen as a case study and in the way of reinterpreting the enclosure according to the labyrinth structure of this house, compatible components in rhizomatic epistemological foundations have been used , aligning with its unique architectural style.Findings: In order to analyze and interpret the enclosure based on the aforementioned theory and considering the spatial nature of the rhizomial logic and also the existence of categories such as connection, connection, difference and continuity, the indicators of the space syntax theory were used to analyze the study sample of the historical houses of Kashan. In this order, it is argued that the indicators of space difference, space traffic and isovist, connection and number of space and interlinking in the theory of space syntax in connection with the indicators mentioned in the rhizome theory can be used in the reinterpretation of the degrees of enclosure of the labyrinth structure of the historical houses of Kashan. To be more precise, the sub-categories of space dissimilarity/heterogeneity/difference with the help of space difference index, the sub-categories of spatial diversity/unsimilar continuity with the help of spatial traffic index and isovist, the sub-category of abundance of areas/connections with the help of two syntactic indicators of connection and the number of spaces and the sub-category of the set of coherent links and Multicore can be analyzed and measured with the help of integration index. The simulation of the movement in the spatial arrangement of Ameri House shows that the character of fluidity, continuous changes and new orientations has been expressed by creating frequent thresholds and establishing intermediate and in-between areas. The crucial principle of rhizomatic space lies in its establishment amidst and between elements. The physical manifestation of these characteristics becomes evident through the simulation of movement and vision within the layout of the Ameri House. Also, dissimilarity in the level, shape, number of connections, type of spaces and flexibility of configuration leads to the logic of difference in rhizome theory. The physical/spatial approaches mentioned in the rhizomatic and integrated relationship with each other enrich the levels of enclosure in the spatial structure of the Ameri House in Kashan.Conclusion: The results of the research show that multiple physical/spatial approaches in accordance with the body of the rhizome space include de-territorialization and re-territorialization, fluidity, flexibility, difference and heterogeneity, multiplicity of spaces and paths and being in the middle and in-between have been effective in creating enclosure as well as diversity and multiple degrees of enclosure. The rhizome approach of multitude and multiplicity of spaces and paths in the three domains of border, threshold and territory has led to the difference and diversity of the extent and manner of spatial enclosure. In such a way that the inside/outside boundaries (entrances), the spaces between the yards (thresholds) and the area, the shape and various openings of the 9 yards (realms) have provided very different states of visual and physical access limits. Spatialization and arenaization of the house in Kashan has formed a set of coherent and multi-core links through reterritorialization and decentralization of arenas. In the sense that many courtyards with different numbers of connections to the peripheral areas of the territories have led to decentralization and formation of multiple cores, and the expansion of these areas in many directions has led to fold logic, divergent and horizontal thinking.

An analysis on promoting the public acceptability of earth architecture in Yazd city

Amirreza Sadeghian; Roxana Abdollahi; Ali Akbari; ,Mehrdad Javidinejad

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 215-232

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.400964.2048

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: “Earth architecture” is one of the construction techniques in architecture with a rich history dating back to several thousand ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: “Earth architecture” is one of the construction techniques in architecture with a rich history dating back to several thousand years, whose traces are visible in the architecture of different nations of the world, including Iran. Earth architecture is one of the sub-branches of vernacular architecture, which has a rich set of originalities and native-historical capacities in different parts of the world. Due to the extensive availability of soil; it has played a significant role in time and history by reflecting many originalities of vernacular and traditional architecture. Regions like the historical city of Yazd, characterized by desert climates, have historically been ideal environments for the development of earth architecture. Despite its longstanding heritage, contemporary attention to the various capacities and innovations of earth architecture has been lacking, with challenges and sensitivities in the field now garnering increased attention. Based on this, despite the background and existing rich capacities; The trend of widespread use and acceptability of Earth architecture in the contemporary period has been accompanied by a noticeable decline because of the growth of technology in competing industrial materials and cultural changes in construction. Public acceptability is a comprehensive and relevant matter and its application can provide the level of public acceptability. As such, the aim of this research is to identify bottlenecks and strategies to enhance the public acceptability of earth architecture in Yazd. By utilizing the public acceptability index and emphasizing the historical context of the city, the study seeks to promote the revitalization and improvement of earth architecture in the region.Methods: The historical city of Yazd, with its desert climate, has historically provided an ideal environment for the development of earth architecture. Despite its rich heritage, contemporary attention to the diverse capacities and innovations of earth architecture has been lacking, leading to increased scrutiny of the challenges and sensitivities within the field.Findings: The research findings reveal that Earth architecture, like other architectural techniques and styles, possesses its own set of advantages, disadvantages, challenges, obstacles, and drivers. Through content analysis of research literature and consultations with local experts, these factors have been identified and categorized. In addition, categorization and prioritization of the challenges, obstacles and drivers of earth architecture in the research literature and experts of Yazd shows the similarities and differences that indicate the “locality” of the public acceptability of earth architecture. From a comparative point of view, regarding the challenges in the scale of world literature, “technical challenges” have been the most important issue. In the same scale and in the obstacles section, “policy-based obstacles” had more points, and in the driver’s section, “technical and architectural drivers” were emphasized more. On the other hand, public acceptance of earth architecture”; “less university programs and courses” and two categories including “innovation and technology” and “standard development and control criteria” are respectively “priority challenges”, “priority obstacles” and “priority drivers” of Yazd city.Conclusion: The category of public acceptability of earth architecture has a set of interconnected elements that bring together different issues such as advantages and limitations, and the triple bottlenecks of challenges, obstacles, and drivers. Accordingly, recognizing and prioritizing the covering variables for each of these multiple elements in order to improve and promote the public acceptability of this construction method and to promote the public acceptability of earth-based materials is very important in this field. This prioritization serves as a valuable tool for identifying collective actions within specific physical contexts, facilitating the implementation of architectural policies. Moreover, this new policy framework places greater emphasis on public acceptance, thereby fostering increased attention and support for earth architecture in Yazd city. Such a focused approach can effectively promote public acceptance in a practical and targeted manner.

Evaluation of privacy criteria in the functional diagram structure of student residences; Case study: Student residences in Qazvin

Sara Shariati; Mehdi Khakzand; Mahsa Mirsalami

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 247-266

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.304509.1780

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The functional layout of student residences holds significant importance as these spaces serve as a collective ‘second home’ ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The functional layout of student residences holds significant importance as these spaces serve as a collective ‘second home’ for their residents. Many students living in such complexes have left their hometowns and are adapting to a new city, often encountering individuals from diverse backgrounds and varying social behaviors. This adjustment period, especially in the initial months, highlights the crucial need for ensuring residents’ privacy within their living environment. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the functional layout of these residential spaces and their ability to safeguard residents’ privacy. By focusing on specific criteria tailored to meet the privacy needs of student residence occupants, this research seeks to address the challenges posed by the transition to communal living in a new environment. To understand the role of spatial organization in student residences, this study focuses on the spatial thresholds that define boundaries between interior and exterior spaces, emphasizing the creation of solitude and personal territories. The category of solitude and the creation of privacy and personal territories have been addressed in order to able to determine the desired solitude for the residents through the evaluation of the effective components of threshold that are resulted from the spatial organization of such residences. Drawing upon David Canter’s theory of place, the study examines the physical-environmental, functional-activity, and perceptual-semantic components of student residences. Specifically, it evaluates two residential complexes—the Imam Khomeini International University and the Islamic Azad University of Qazvin—to analyze their centralized and linear structural configurations. In addition, the study incorporates theories of environmental perception, such as Gibson’s ecological model of perception and the theory of environmental affordance, which emphasize the role of movement in acquiring environmental information. It also considers Barker’s ecological theory, which suggests that changes in behavior result from changes in the environment. These theories inform the extraction of research indicators and variables in the theoretical model, providing a framework for understanding the relationship between spatial organization and resident behavior.Methods: The research questionnaire consists of two main sections. The first part assesses the quality of spatial organization in student residences regarding privacy, focusing on independent research variables. The second part gathers social data related to the dependent variable of privacy, covering two components: environmental affordance and attachment to the environment. Both questionnaires utilize a 5-point Likert scale to categorize residents’ responses regarding privacy in student residences. To evaluate the theoretical models and determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables, a multivariate method of structural equation modeling was employed. This approach, facilitated by AMOS22 software, combines factor analysis and path analysis. Through logical reasoning, survey data and structural equations are analyzed to draw conclusions.Findings: The analysis reveals that physical-environmental characteristics apply the strongest influence on spatial organization, with a factor loading of 0.83. Following closely, functional-activity characteristics rank second with a factor loading of 0.7, while perceptual-semantic characteristics rank third with a factor loading of 0.56. In terms of evaluating privacy criteria based on the dependent variable questionnaire, environmental affordance demonstrates a higher impact with a factor loading of 0.71 compared to environmental attachment, which has a factor loading of 0.66. Furthermore, the significant correlation between privacy and spatial organization is evidenced by a factor loading of 0.62, indicating that spatial organization plays a pivotal role in shaping privacy, with internal components interacting synergistically.Conclusion: The results highlight the significance of inner courtyards as an in-between space, particularly in student residences, as they enhance productivity and spatial dynamics. Unlike linear designs, incorporating courtyards into residence spatial organization increases spatial thresholds, facilitating spatial selection and permeability. Additionally, the hierarchical arrangement of spaces within courtyards fosters privacy and territorial definition among residents. Overall, survey results underscore the importance of creating conducive atmospheres in student residences through a balanced integration of physical-spatial and perceptual-behavioral factors. These factors not only influence the desirability of residences but also contribute to resident satisfaction and the establishment of stable behavioral patterns.

The development of in-between spaces in houses during Qajar and Pahlavi I period based on changes of value

Paria Aliakbari; Shadi Azizi; Mozaien Dehbashi Sharif

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 345-365

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.324828.1851

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Every culture provides human patterns in various time periods which determine activities, achievements and social responsibilities of people. ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Every culture provides human patterns in various time periods which determine activities, achievements and social responsibilities of people. These cultural patterns and values influence individuals’ lifestyles and guide their actions. Consequently, the formed values of traditional societies undergo transformation as global social changes and revolutions redefine societal norms. In this process, the values with which people lived their lives for years and then formed their physical environment are replaced with some new values and patterns. Therefore, it can be said that space matters in understanding the changes and social developments that have taken place in the society in the space-time dimension. In order to see the changes that have taken place in the society, one must pay attention to its physical appearance in order to understand the root of the transformation in the structures of the society. Architecture and the city can be considered as elements that are affected by the societal conditions, effectively illustrating and manifesting societal changes. One of the most important causes of spatial changes are the social changes. According to social psychologists and sociologists, social changes influence societies in both materialistic and non-materialistic aspects. This study aims to explore non-materialistic aspects, particularly changes of value, and their materialistic effects on spaces, focusing specifically on in-between spaces.Methods: The methodology used in this study is qualitative in nature, with an exploratory-historical and post-analytical logic. The exploratory-historical logic explores historical contexts to understand societal mechanisms and approaches. Meanwhile, the post-analytical logic examines current societal mechanisms and approaches and constructs hypothetical models to explore underlying relationships. Data collection for this study involved gathering information from various sources, including bibliographic research, as well as primary and secondary resources such as images and documents.Findings: Values of a society reveal the culture and beliefs of a nation which can directly impact the form and structure of its built environment. As a result, in-between spaces, as semi-public and semi-private spaces, carry several roles which are being affected by the values of their time. These values were transformed in Qajar period when the signs of modernity appeared in architecture. The findings highlight the emergence of new societal values, including socialization of women in society, rejection of polygamy among men, shrinking families (nuclear structure), separation between home and workplace, outburst of western goods (new appliances of life, formation of new entertainment out of home, emergence of service jobs, individualism and independent lifestyles). The aforementioned factors have changed in-between spaces through some structural changes, so they formed new values and have changed the notions of in-between spaces, such as privacy, private area and personal spaces. Consequently, new forms of in-between spaces, such as balconies, pause areas, and horizontal divisions like stairways, have emerged to accommodate these evolving societal values.Conclusion: The reciprocal relationship between space and social changes is evident in the two studied periods. During the Qajar and Pahlavi I period, the construction of new spaces and buildings that were not seen before in Iranian society, led to significant physical changes that mirrored evolving societal values. On the other hand, cultural connections with the West, educational trips, travel and printing of books and newspapers and other factors led to major changes in individual and social values. Consequently, the spaces within households, including crucial communication and intermediary areas, underwent transformations to accommodate the evolving needs of individuals, which differed noticeably from those of previous generations.

Comparative comparison of “Criticism and Correction session structure in the research studio of Shahid Beheshti University” and the “Proposed structure of active researchers in this field”

Nasrin Saljoughi; Vahid Ahmadi

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 399-418

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.325431.1853

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Criticism and correction sessions form the basis of evaluating architectural design projects. A valid and targeted assessment, in addition ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Criticism and correction sessions form the basis of evaluating architectural design projects. A valid and targeted assessment, in addition to measuring fundamental knowledge, also measures its practical application in practice. Integrating knowledge and skills stands as a primary objective within architectural studios. Therefore, evaluation plays a very important role in the process of architectural education that shapes the professionals in the future. The most important issue is to achieve different methods of criticism according to different conditions. Additionally, evaluation should extend beyond merely appraising final projects, encompassing the critique process throughout an educational period (such as an academic semester) for formative assessment. The application of the successful experiences of foreign researchers in the workshop critique process and its comparative comparison with the workshop critique process in Iran can determine our position in this field. The aforementioned comparative comparison has generally identified the similarities and differences of successful international experiences compared to domestic experiences, and by examining and discovering the reason for the existence of these similarities and differences, it is possible to (1) solve the problem, which is to identify the degree of conformity of the structure of criticism and correction sessions. Through this comparative analysis, two key objectives are addressed: aligning the structure of critique sessions with active research findings and identifying optimal criticism methods within educational contexts. Ultimately, this process leads to localization and enhancement of architectural education practices. In this study, Shahid Beheshti University views the architectural studio as a research workshop, adopting a novel approach to architectural education. Guided by fundamental principles outlined by faculty, this workshop aims to enhance the quality of architecture education, positioning itself as a successful domestic model compared to international counterparts. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate the alignment of Shahid Beheshti University research studio critique and correction session structure with the recommendations of leading researchers in the field. Specifically, the authors seek to answer the question: to what extent does the structure of critique and correction sessions at Shahid Beheshti University research studio adhere to the standards proposed by active researchers? It is hypothesized that the level of conformity to these standards is within the average range, although empirical evidence will be necessary to confirm this assertion.Methods: In this comparative study, researchers employed a hypothesis testing approach using a comparative strategy. The study utilized data from two sources: (a) the opinions of leading researchers in architectural education, particularly concerning the structure of criticism and correction sessions, and (b) the innovative approach of Shahid Beheshti University research studio. Ten key concepts, defining the theoretical framework of criticism and correction sessions in architectural studios, were identified through a systematic review of relevant literature from both communities. These concepts, derived from a scientific process, also align with historical perspectives on the subject. The research method employed in this study is a documentary-survey approach utilizing content analysis techniques. The process begins with the selection of keywords and concepts. In the initial step, information is gathered by extracting data from two sources: (1) scientific research articles authored by selected researchers on the broader topic of ‘criticism and correction sessions in architectural studios,’ and (2) published articles specifically related to this topic, focusing on Shahid Beheshti University. The second step involves qualitative and quantitative text analysis, including categorization and extraction of information from the selected sources. This analysis determines the frequency of topics within the categories based on textual elements. Subsequently, in the third step, the results from the second step are interpreted. Statistical analysis of quantitative data was conducted using SPSS software.Findings: The rThe research findings indicate the identification of ten main concepts or criteria in the structure of critique and correction sessions in the research studio of Shahid Beheshti University. These concepts are: constructive studio environment, participation-oriented approach, involvement of professors and professional activists in studio sessions, criterion-based teaching and assessment method, simultaneous presence of several professors in a single studio for training and evaluation purposes, receiving critical opinions from different professors, integration of different student groups (peer and non-peer) in studio sessions, application of educational technologies in the studio, teacher-centered/ student-centered approach, assessment of judgment and final decisions.Conclusion: The results reveal a direct and statistically significant relationship between the structure of critique and correction sessions in Shahid Beheshti University research studio and the proposed structure by active researchers in this field, as indicated by the ten identified concepts. This suggests that the critique and correction sessions within the university research studio adhere to a systematic and convergent framework similar to successful global models. Consequently, it is recommended as an exemplary model with the potential for broader applicability. While the research hypothesis initially suggested a moderate level of compliance, the observed correlation coefficient of 0.674 surpasses this expectation, indicating a stronger alignment than anticipated.

The influence of cultural, social, and geographical contexts on the emergence of the first religious places in Islam and Judaism

Seyedeh Mahsa Bagheri; Seyed Behshid Hosseini; Mahmoud Arzhmand

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 21-39

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.336840.1903

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Religions do not develop in isolation; instead, they emerge within cultural, social, and geographical contexts. Islam and Judaism both originated ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Religions do not develop in isolation; instead, they emerge within cultural, social, and geographical contexts. Islam and Judaism both originated in regions characterized by specific cultural, social, and geographical factors. Rather than rejecting these contexts, these religions often engaged with and, over time, influenced by elements that were compatible with their respective beliefs. This adaptation was driven by the need to foster empathy with the local people and facilitate the acceptance of the new faith. Consequently, religious places gradually took shape, and formed by the existing contexts. This study carries out a comparative analysis of the impact of cultural, social, and geographical factors in the birthplaces of Islam and Judaism on the development of their first religious places. It seeks to investigate the role of cultural, social, and geographical contexts in shaping the first religious places in Islam and Judaism?Methods: This research uses a qualitative, interpretive-analytical approach and utilizes a comparative methodology to investigate how the cultural, social, and geographical contexts in the birthplaces of Islam and Judaism influenced the formation of their early religious places. Data collection relies on extensive library resources. The case studies selected for examination include the Kaaba, the Medina Mosque, and the first Islamic mosques for Islam, and the Tabernacle, the Temple in Jerusalem, and the earliest synagogues for Judaism. The research treats cultural, social, and geographical contexts as interpretive and comparative units. It begins by identifying these contexts in the regions of Islam and Judaism’s origins and then assesses their impact on the formation of the first religious places in these two religions. Findings: The findings of this study revolve around an analysis of how the cultural, social, and geographical contexts in these regions influenced the development of the first religious places in Islam and Judaism. In the cultural context, aspects such as artistic expressions, beliefs, individual values, and convictions originating from previous or new religious influences were examined. The social context encompassed political, economic aspects, customs, collective habits, societal norms, and values, while the geographical context included the climate and the physical location of the birthplaces of these religions and their relationship with the formation of religious places. Specifically, the study evaluated how these aspects and contexts influenced the creation of the Kaaba, the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, and the first mosques in Islam, as well as the Tabernacle of the Covenant, the Temple of Jerusalem, and the earliest synagogues in Judaism.. Conclusion: The results reveal that Islam and Judaism differed in terms of the extent to which each context influenced them. In the comparison of cultural contexts and aspects, including beliefs, individual values, and beliefs derived from previous or new religions, it became evident that both religions were influenced by the preexisting beliefs of the land. For instance, Islam embraced concepts such as the interaction between the present life and the afterlife, monotheism, and the rejection of polytheism, while Judaism adopted beliefs in the sanctity of stones and directions. In the comparison of social contexts and aspects, Islam prioritized collective worship and equal access to religious spaces for all members of society, as seen in the Kaaba and the Medina Mosque. Conversely, Judaism, influenced by beliefs in social hierarchies, exhibited spatial divisions and social hierarchies in accessing inner spaces, as witnessed in the Tabernacle of the Covenant and the Temple of Jerusalem.

Assessing the viewpoints of consulting engineering companies on hard and soft skills for employing new architecture graduates employability

Parastoo Eshrati; Anahita Jam

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 133-150

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.322086.1839

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The demand for employment upon graduation has heightened the significance of essential job market skills more than before. The main skills ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The demand for employment upon graduation has heightened the significance of essential job market skills more than before. The main skills for entering any profession include soft skills and hard skills. Hard skills include the technical and scientific knowledge. Both skills are necessary for the profession. The purpose of this paper is to determine hard and soft skills required for the employment of new architecture graduates and assess the significance of each skill.Methods: The research questions aim to ascertain the significance ratios of these skills, identify the most and least important skills, and establish a correlation between company size (small, medium, and large) and the importance of these skills. Initially, following a comprehensive literature review, soft skills were classified into seven distinct categories. Simultaneously, the requisite hard skills for architecture graduates were extracted from the Ministry of Science and Technology-approved bachelor’s and master’s degree curricula in architecture, resulting in the presentation of a seven-category list of hard skills. Subsequently, a questionnaire based on the identified soft and hard skills was developed and administered to the study’s sample group, comprising managers from small, medium, and large companies. Companies were categorized based on the number of full-time employees, with “small” companies having 7 or fewer employees, “medium” companies having 7 to 12 employees, and “large” companies having 13 to 50 employees. Non-parametric tests were used for hypothesis testing. Given the nature of the hypotheses, which involve the comparison of three independent groups (small, medium, and large companies), the “Kruskal-Wallis test” was chosen to analyze the data collected from the questionnaires. Based on results of papers in the field of statistical analysis of small populations, a minimum sample size of 9 individuals is required to conduct the Kruskal-Wallis test for three groups. However, in this study, data collection exceeded this minimum requirement to the greatest extent possible for the authors. Subsequently, the data was quantitatively analyzed using SPSS software.Findings: The quantitative analysis conducted using SPSS software reveals that, according to company managers, hard skills hold a 44.38% level of importance, while soft skills account for 55.62%. However, the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that there is no correlation between the company size and the level of importance of hard and soft skills. Regarding the research findings, the hard skills in order of importance are: software, design, work experience, theoretical knowledge, free-hand drawing, legal regulation, and type of degree. In contrast, the order of importance for soft skills is as follows: professional ethics, analysis and problem-solving, self-management, leadership, project management, communication skills, and research. Furthermore, the study’s results demonstrate a significant relationship between a company size and the specific type of soft and hard skills required by that company. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that soft skills are more important than hard skills for hiring fresh architecture graduates but there is no correlation between the company size and the importance level of hard and soft skills in general. When considering hard skills, software is the most important in small companies, while regulation is the least significant. In medium-sized companies, work experience and design rank highest, whereas the type of degree is considered the least important. In larger companies, software stands out as the most crucial, while university rank is perceived as the least important. Among soft skills, in small companies, the most important skills are professional ethics and three skills including research, project management and communication are the least important ones; in medium size companies the most important skill is professional ethics and the least is project management; and in large companies the most important ones is professional ethics and the least is research. Regardless of the level of companies and the division of skills, the most important skill is professional ethics and the least important one is university rank. Analysis of interviews with company managers conducted in a qualitative manner also reveals the necessary changes required in the architecture education system to enhance students’ employability and offered suggestions for students. In light of the study findings, it is advisable to consider incorporating a course focused on developing soft skills into architecture curricula, particularly at the undergraduate level.

Modifying the air flow pattern in cattle barns of Salmas city through architectural intervention to improve the ventilation

Omid Rahaei; Mehri Barehyun

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 311-326

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.368528.2003

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Observations show that most of the cattle barns built in Iran are in the form of sheds, and during their design phase, limited consideration ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Observations show that most of the cattle barns built in Iran are in the form of sheds, and during their design phase, limited consideration is given to ventilation conditions, despite the significant need for it, as well as the air circulation patterns within the barns. This oversight leads to numerous issues in the field, with the well-being of the animals subsequently affected. The main goal of the article is to improve the ventilation of in cattle barns, through architecture, in such a way that the optimal and uniform air flow is established throughout the environment, at the level where animals live. According to the nature of the subject, the current research is an interdisciplinary research and a hybrid research method is applied using experimental research strategies, simulation and case study. In the first stage, after identifying the statistical population (cattle barns in the cold region), their current situation was investigated empirically, and after scrutinizing the problem and finding the research variables, the initial plan (case sample) was proposed and modeled. The desired model was first meshed with Gambit, subsequently undergoing simulation via the FLUENT software employing the CFD methodology. Adjustments were introduced to its architectural design, followed by the analysis and formulation of conclusions. The results show that, by making minimal architectural changes to the barn and the openings, it is feasible to enhance the airflow pattern within it. This can effectively establish internal air circulation, diminish temperature disparities among various barn sections, minimize temperature fluctuations, and lower energy consumption. Methods: Considering its interdisciplinary nature, the research employs a hybrid approach that combines experimental research, simulation, and case study strategies. The research encompasses all cattle barns in cold climates as the statistical population. The chosen case study focuses on a cattle barn designed for approximately 250 cows in the city of Salmas. The research findings indicate that enhancing the architectural layout and positioning of openings, along with their primary composition, can lead to improved ventilation in cattle barns and a more uniform airflow within them. The research utilizes numerical simulation, specifically in the case of a Salmas city cattle barn, validated previously through Olsen’s experimental methods (Rahaei, 2014, 2013). The validation of this method is well-established and is based on Nagano’s (1990) validated technique, utilizing a zero-equation method and model. The numerical calculations are conducted using the computational fluid dynamics method, employing the Gambit preprocessor for meshing and Fluent software for network analysis.Findings: Considering the research goal of enhancing airflow and subsequently ventilation in cattle barns in climates similar to Salmas city (the cold climate), various scenarios of a common case study were examined in a two-dimensional manner. Initially, longitudinal sections were analyzed, followed by transverse sections of the cattle barn. In all scenarios, the energy equation was activated. The optimal condition involves a smooth and favorable inward airflow through side windows. Afterward, this airflow undergoes conditioning as it passes through the radiators installed in the windows and, if necessary, proper dehumidification is achieved with the assistance of mist sprinklers. Minimal energy is drawn from the lower part of the area occupied by the animals and is expelled through the roof opening.Conclusion: Based on the above-mentioned resources, the following are suggested in the case of longitudinal and transverse ventilation of cold climate cattle farms:1. Unpredicted entry of outside air into the interior of cattle barns should be strictly avoided.2. If the entire space of the barn is used, the use of a longitudinal one-way ventilation mechanism is required, while all the openings are closed. It is recommended to incorporate a temperature control source, such as a radiator, positioned at a height of 3 meters above the main floor level, equipped with both hot and cold water supply, at one side of the barn. Simultaneously, a suction device (jet fan) should be installed at floor level on the opposite side, expelling air outward. In this setup, fresh outdoor air, having passed through the radiator, becomes conducive and enters the enclosure. Following even distribution of this air to achieve a desirable temperature within the environment, it exits through the suction system located on the opposite side. Additionally, a pressure regulating valve should be installed at the lower level of the side housing the radiator, which can be closed during colder seasons.3. If it is possible to change the interior space of the cattle barn, lateral ventilation is suggested from both sides.4. In general, transverse ventilation with a roof valve is more efficient than ventilation along the cattle barn.

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2011)

Volume 1 (2010)

Main Subjects = معماری

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